steinbeck essays

steinbeck expositions Well in this short report on John Steinbeck I am going to incorporate the entirety of the work that I have done in this class Including my full report on one of his books, a little foundation on Mr. Steinbeck and numerous different things, All out of the psyche and the PC of Jeremy Slaven. An American creator and champ of the 1962 Nobel Prize for writing, John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr., b. Salinas, Calif., Feb. 27, 1902, d. Dec. 20, 1968, put together the majority of his books with respect to the American experience, regularly with thoughtful spotlight on poor people, the unconventional, or the seized. Steinbeck experienced childhood in Salinas Valley, a rich horticultural region of Monterey County and the setting of a large number of his works, where he learned firsthand of the challenges of homestead workers. From 1919 to 1925 he concentrated irregularly at Stanford University however didn't get a degree. His initial books (Cup of Gold, 1929; The Pastures of Heaven, 1932; and To a God Unknown, 1933) stimulated minimal open intrigue. The last novel, be that as it may, a supernatural story of benevolence, is perhaps the most grounded explanation about the connection among individuals and the land. Steinbeck went to filmmaking after the film achievement of The Grapes of Wrath. He composed noteworthy screenplays for the Mexican-based The Forgotten Village (1941) and Viva Zapata! (1952), just as film contents for his accounts The Red Pony (1938) and The Pearl (1947). Another tale and play, The Moon Is Down (1942), about the German intrusion of Norway, won basic acclaim. After World War II, in which he filled in as a war journalist, Steinbeck expounded progressively on social outsiders. Cannery Row (1945) relates the account of a gathering of drifters on the Monterey coast. The Wayward Bus (1947) presents a profound quality story about characters who as far as anyone knows speak to white collar class society. Consuming Bright (1950) lectured all inclusive fraternity yet was to a great extent fruitless. Steinbeck committed quite a long while to his most yearning venture, East of... <!

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Authoritative Change Management - Essay Example As it is apparent in any association, the vision and crucial empower an organization accomplish its targets when clung to. For example, the achievement that was accomplished by Enron Company before its breakdown was ascribed to the ventures and the dedication they made on the targets and vision of the organization (Dimma, 2002). It is clear that D2, similar to some other organization, for example, Enron had the option to make a similar progress. The way that one of the plants of D2 was in a vital spot in the UK shows that the organization was very much positioned in the European market. The organization has had the option to deal with the serious market in the assembling business in spite of the hardened rivalry from makes from different nations with lower cost of administrations. Notwithstanding, in the ongoing past, D2 has experienced monetary troubles and is attempting to make due in the market because of monetary defeat and the world’s budgetary emergency in the ongoing pa st. This along these lines required the administration of the organization to roll out certain improvements to empower the organization proceed with its exercises and satisfy its vision. As it is contended by Dimma, a great leading body of the executives in an association is one which can have the option to predict a difficult coming and have the option to set out an answer for the issue. The administration leading group of D2 has needed to take an earnest choice planned for reducing down expenses. The choice was to stop creation of certain segments and spotlight on others in less locales than the one they work with. This methodology was essentially planned for limiting the expenses and guaranteeing that the number, and not the assortment, of products created will increment and thus get more advantages. This choice was taken by the administration board as a brisk solution for the present issues looked by the organization. The choice has just been made and is yet to be reported to th e remainder of the workers (Seel, 2006). In guaranteeing the advantages from economies of scale, the organization concluded that the creation at Blois which is the principle processing plant in France is extended. The fundamental explanation is on the grounds that Blois has the most cutting edge innovation than different plants and there is still space for development in the organization. This move is accepted by the administration that it’s the best in chopping down the expenses of the organization. The administration has likewise recommended a conclusion of the assembling plant in the UK as one more second step since it is the most obsolete assembling innovation (Seel, 2006). The laborers at the UK plant which is to be shut are such a great amount of confident of the organization putting more in their area as they anticipate. In any case, clearly the organization won't have the option to offer business chances to her laborers in different plants in France and Spain and ther e will be such a great amount of loss of labor because of this conclusion (Seel, 2006). D2 needs item advancement engineers (B2) group to be moved to Blois from Didcot since there will be no more work at Didcot. This is the gathering that has been behind the accomplishment of the organization before the present downturn. Didcot is a universal community and has been where creation of auto items is finished by numerous different organizations separated from D2. This has in this way prompted the spot being a world class creation zone with a lot of

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Entertainment and Media at NYU Stern

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Entertainment and Media at NYU Stern The annual ProMotion Pictures Film Competition at New York Universitys (NYUs) Stern School of Business is  a joint effort by Stern and NYU’s Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and Television and sponsored by a different corporation each year. In this competition, Stern and Kanbar students develop short films based on the sponsor’s specifications regarding content, length and brand message. The films are judged by a panel of advertising and marketing executives, and the winning teams are given access to the resources of partnering media, entertainment and communications companies to assist in screenplay production. The finished filmsâ€"which are debuted at New Yorks Tribeca Film Centerâ€"may be used by the sponsoring brand as part of the parent company’s advertising campaign. The current competition sponsor is The Innocence Project, and past sponsors have included Axe, Heineken, Johnnie Walker, Subway, Verizon and Volvo. Winners can receive cash payouts, including $5,000 for “Th e Brand Prize” and $10,000 for The Peoples Choice Prize.”    In 2010, ProMotion created films for ILOVENY, the New York State tourism brand. These films can be seen on JetBlue flights. This competition is just one part of Sterns Entertainment, Media and Technology (EMT) specialization. The school also supports students interested in Entertainment and Media careers with the Media, Entertainment and Sports Association (which sponsors a three-day career trek to Los Angeles) and an annual trip to the Cannes Film Festival (part of the “Craft and Commerce of Cinema” class), and those interested in EMT will find much that caters to their needs. For more information on  NYU Stern  or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids New York University (Stern) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Entertainment and Media at NYU Stern The annual ProMotion Pictures Film Competition at New York Universitys (NYUs) Stern School of Business is  a joint effort by Stern and NYU’s Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and Television and sponsored by a different corporation each year. In this competition, Stern and Kanbar students develop short films based on the sponsor’s specifications regarding content, length and brand message. The films are judged by a panel of advertising and marketing executives, and the winning teams are given access to the resources of partnering media, entertainment and communications companies to assist in screenplay production. The finished filmsâ€"which are debuted at New Yorks Tribeca Film Centerâ€"may be used by the sponsoring brand as part of the parent company’s advertising campaign. The current competition sponsor is The Innocence Project, and past sponsors have included Axe, Heineken, Johnnie Walker, Subway, Verizon and Volvo. Winners can receive cash payouts, including $5,000 for “Th e Brand Prize” and $10,000 for The Peoples Choice Prize.”    In 2010, ProMotion created films for ILOVENY, the New York State tourism brand. These films can now be seen on JetBlue flights. This competition is just one part of Sterns Entertainment, Media and Technology (EMT) specialization. The school also supports students interested in Entertainment and Media careers with the Media, Entertainment and Sports Association (which sponsors a three-day career trek to Los Angeles) and an annual trip to the Cannes Film Festival (part of the “Craft and Commerce of Cinema” class). Those interested in EMT will find much that caters to their needs. For more information on  NYU Stern  or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids New York University (Stern) Blog Archive Friday Factoid Entertainment and Media at NYU Stern The annual ProMotion Pictures Film Competition at New York University (NYU) Stern is  a joint effort by Stern and NYU’s Maurice Kanbar Institute of Film and Television and sponsored by a different corporation each year. In this competition, Stern and Kanbar students develop short films based on the sponsor’s specifications regarding content, length and brand message. The films are judged by a panel of advertising and marketing executives, and the winning teams are given access to the resources of partnering media, entertainment and communications companies to assist in screenplay production. The finished filmsâ€"which are debuted at New Yorks Tribeca Film Centerâ€"may be used by the sponsoring brand as part of the parent company’s advertising campaign. Past competition sponsors have included Heineken and Verizon. Winners can receive cash payouts, including $5,000 for “The Brand Prize” and $10,000 for The Peoples Choice Prize.”    In 2010, ProMotion created films for ILOVE NY, the New York State tourism brand. These films can be seen on JetBlue flights. This competition is just one part of Sterns Entertainment, Media, and Technology (EMT) specialization. The school also supports students interested in Entertainment and Media careers with the Media, Entertainment and Sports Association (which sponsors a three-day career trek to Los Angeles) and an annual trip to the Cannes Film Festival (part of the “Craft and Commerce of Cinema” class), and those interested in EMT will find much that caters to their needs. For more information on  NYU Stern  or 15 other leading MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids New York University (Stern)

Occluded Fronts in Weather Definition

An occluded front is a composite of two frontal systems that merge as a result of occlusion. Cold fronts generally move faster than warm fronts. In fact, the speed of a cold front is about double that of a typical warm front. As a result, a cold front will sometimes overtake an existing warm front. Essentially, an occluded front forms as three air masses meet. There are two types of occluded fronts: Warm occlusionsCold occlusions Cold air occluded fronts are more common than warm occluded fronts. A front takes its name from two places: it is the literal front, or leading edge, of air thats moving into a region; it is also analogous to a war battlefront, where the two air masses represent the two clashing sides. Because fronts are zones where temperature opposites meet, weather changes are usually found along their edge. Fronts are classified depending on what kind of air (warm, cold, neither) is advancing onto the air in its path. The main types of fronts include: Warm Fronts If warm air moves in such a way that it advances onto and replaces the cooler air in its path, the leading edge of the warm air mass found at the earths surface (the ground) is known as a warm front. When a warm front passes through, the weather becomes noticeably warmer and more humid than it was before. Cold Fronts If a cold air mass spills onto and overtakes a neighboring warm air mass, the leading edge of this cold air will be a cold front. When a cold front passes through, the weather becomes significantly colder and drier. (It isnt uncommon for air temperatures to drop 10 degrees Fahrenheit or more within an hour of a cold frontal passage.) Occluded Fronts Sometimes a cold front will catch up to a warm front and overtake both it and the cooler air out ahead of it. If this happens, an occluded front is born. Occluded fronts get their name from the fact that when the cold air pushes underneath the warm air, it lifts the warm air up from the ground, which makes it hidden, or occluded.   Occluded fronts usually form with mature  low pressure areas. They act like both warm and cold fronts. The symbol for an occluded front is  a purple line with alternating triangles and semi-circles (also purple)  pointing in the direction the front is moving. Sometimes a cold front will catch up to a warm front and overtake both it and the cooler air out ahead of it. If this happens, an occluded front is born. Occluded fronts get their name from the fact that when the cold air pushes underneath the warm air, it lifts the warm air up from the ground, which makes it hidden, or occluded.   Updated by Tiffany Means.

Lyme Disease And The United States - 1307 Words

Lyme Disease in Alabama Introduction In 2010 there were 2 confirmed cases of Lyme disease in Alabama, which continued to rise until 2014 with the last reported number of 64 confirmed cases for that year alone. In September 2015 the Centers for Disease Control revised their estimates indicating that it is believed that there were more than 10 times more cases in the United States than the 30,000 reported. Lyme disease is the fastest growing transmittable disease in the United States. It is hard to believe a disease this infectious was only discovered four decades ago. The History of Lyme disease Lyme disease was unknown to people in the early 1970s and may still be unknown if not for two mothers in Lyme, Connecticut. The mothers both noticed their kids and others in their town had the same symptoms and started trying to figure out what was wrong. The medical field began studying the groups symptoms to try and find a cause. By the mid 1970’s the new disease was called Lyme but no one knew what was causing it. In 1981 scientist Willy Burgdorfer who studied Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever started to study Lyme disease. He found the cause of the disease in a deer tick. He had discovered a bacterium called a spirochete. In 1982 the medical field named the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in honor of his discovery. Threat The threat of Lyme disease is an ever growing concern especially due to the fact that late stage Lyme has no cure and early stages are hard to diagnose. TheShow MoreRelatedLyme Disease And Its Effects On The United States2030 Words   |  9 Pagesinfectious diseases in the United States. These arachnids can host a scary medley of infectious bacterium, and they are increasing at an alarming rate with one CDC graph showing their numbers have almost tripled since 1995 (Lyme Stats). Some point to greater awareness, other point to climate change, while we don’t know exactly why their reach is growing we do know we have to be wary of the diseases they carry. While not all ticks are hosts, ticks carrying the Borrelia bacteria known for causing Lyme diseaseRead MoreLyme disease, a common illness prevalent in the United States and Canada, is a bacterial infection1900 Words   |  8 PagesLyme disease, a common illness prevalent in the United States and Canada, is a bacterial infectio n caused by the bite of a â€Å"deer tick† (WebMD, 2012). A â€Å"deer tick† or Ixodes dammini, frequently carries the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease (American Journal of Public Health, 1992). â€Å"Deer ticks† infected with this disease spread the bacteria through a bite which allows it to enter the blood stream of the host. Patients with Lyme disease often have a history of tick exposure,Read MoreLyme Disease : A Common Disease1596 Words   |  7 Pagesweakening diseases of the world can often be found crawling around in the shrubs and tall grasses of one’s backyard. It does not mean that only dirty yards have this disease but, it is found in every North Americans backyard. The disease is called Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a fairly common disease that often goes misdiagnosed in many cases. There are many misunderstandings about this disease. Causative Agent: Every disease has a causative agent. The causative agent of Lyme disease is the bacteriumRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1485 Words   |  6 Pagesspreading to become the most common vector-borne disease that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This â€Å"hidden pandemic†, known as Lyme disease, is silently infecting hundreds of thousands of United States citizens each year, and numbers of new and untreated infections continue to climb as traditional treatments fail and doctors misdiagnose the condition. Spread by tick bites, Lyme disease has affected many lives and continues to infect countlessRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiological Analysis Of Lyme Disease Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Epidemiological Analysis of Lyme disease Lyme disease is a spirochetal infection, which is transmitted by the bite of infected Ixodes ricinus complex ticks. It is brought about essentially by Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. Lyme disease was initially perceived clinically in 1977 as Lyme arthritis amid investigations of a group of youngsters in Connecticut who were thought to have adolescent rheumatoid joint inflammation. The etiology of Lyme disease was found to be a spirochete inRead MoreThe Causative Agent Of Lyme Disease1617 Words   |  7 Pagesweakening diseases of the world can often be found crawling around in the shrubs and tall grasses of a person’s backyard. It does not mean that only dirty yards have this disease but it is found in every North Americans backyard. The disease is called Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a fairly common disease that often goes misdiagnosed in many cases. There are many misconceptions about this disease. Causative Agent: Every disease has a causative agent. The causative agent of Lyme disease is the bacteriumRead MoreLyme Disease Is An Issue1516 Words   |  7 PagesTicked Off: Lyme Disease is an Issue What is Lyme disease, and why is it important? Lyme disease is a tick-borne disease created by bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. â€Å"The infection is primarily transmitted by Ixodes ticks, also known as deer ticks, and on the West Coast, black-legged ticks† (Lymedisease.org). It’s hard to identify the ticks because of their tiny size, similar to a poppy seed. To make that exact the female adult deer tick is about 2.7 mm in length, and the male is smaller than thatRead MoreLyme Disease : A Chronic Medical Mystery1429 Words   |  6 PagesLyme Disease: A chronic medical mystery Introduction One of the most common Tick communicable diseases plaguing the United States today is a human transferable infection called Lyme disease, which is spread by Deer Ticks Ixodes scapularis, they are small arthropods often found in wooded areas of eastern United states (Orkin.com â€Å"Deer ticks† accessed may 8 2016); transmission of the infection occurs when an contaminated deerRead MoreThe Canadian Lyme Disease Prevention1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn Canada, there are too many â€Å"false- negative† results, according to Jim Wilson, President of the Canadian Lyme disease Foundation and this standpoint is also recognized by Health Canada. (Magnotta, 2015). The human body takes several weeks for humans to create antibodies at detectable levels. This limits the detection of the various genotypes of the borrelia bacteria, from the procedures used, which in effect, is allowing late stage serology to occur. According to Dr. Ralph Hawkins, who is a GeneralRead MoreA Brief Not e On Lyme Disease And How It Affects The Body1422 Words   |  6 Pagesessay on Lyme disease, because I’ve always heard about this disease but I never really understood exactly what it was. I am one of the many people out there that are still unaware and confused about what Lyme disease really is and how it affects the body and is very interested in learning more. By researching more about what Lyme disease is I believe it would give me much more insight about the disease. This essay is a great opportunity for me to get educated and learn more about the disease and how

The Legalization Of Assisted Suicide - 1650 Words

While suicide itself is no longer considered a crime within the United States, physician-assisted suicide remains illegal. This practice, despite being closely related, varies from euthanasia. These two practices are distinguished by who administers the lethal dose that kills the patient; euthanasia is administered by a doctor whereas assisted suicide is the patient’s voluntary consumption of a fatal medication that was prescribed by a doctor. Despite the variation, both practices are currently considered manslaughter. However, physician-assisted suicide is currently being reevaluated by at least 18 states across the nation. Contrasting opinions, derived from an individual s personal values, have led to a debate over whether this practice is morally acceptable. While those in favor of the legalization of assisted suicide consider it cruel to force terminally ill patients to live, others believe that it would endanger the weak, corrupt the practice of medicine, compromise famil y relationships, and betray human dignity. According to Newsweek, even with safeguards in place, the weak and the marginalized are endangered by physician-assisted suicide. Multiple government sponsored surveys within the Netherlands, where this practice is legal, reveal that there have been thousands of cases where doctors administered lethal injections without permission and failed to report it to authorities. This shows that some doctors have abused their position to unlawfully murder theirShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide1280 Words   |  6 PagesSupreme Court ruled that there is neither a constitutional right nor a constitutional prohibition of assisted suicide. This ruling allowed for Oregon state to begin to â€Å"experimenting† with the legalization. Though, the majority of states continue to stand firmly behind their decision on the legalization of assisted suicide. On one hand, people find this issue to be unethical, that assisted suicide only exterminates the possibility of recovery. On t he other hand, people believe that patients who haveRead MoreThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide2314 Words   |  10 PagesThe ongoing disagreements within the legalization of Assisted Suicide are never ending. In the modern healthcare field, assisted suicide has many problems faced upon the unsafe environments and the abuse within the laws provided. As we live on a day to day basis, new and improved technologies shape the medical field. It is the professional s job to be up to date on what is going on whether it is the physical issues or world matters. Most see assisted suicide as a terrible form to go about takingRead MoreThe Legalization of Assisted Suicide1291 Words   |  5 PagesAssisted Suicide has through out history caused controversy among our society. There are two sides to this issue, one that passionately supports it, and those who religiously disagree. I believe that assisted suicide should become legal for several reasons. Assisted suicide gives individuals the rig ht to end their suffering when they personally feel that their time has come to die. Assisted suicide should become legal because if one can decide to put an animal out of its misery, why shouldn’t thatRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide976 Words   |  4 Pagesmake the last months of a person’s life as comfortable as possible, ultimately palliative and hospice care become ineffective in helping with the excruciating pain. Thus, the legalization of physician assisted suicide provides a compassionate death while preserving the concept of patient autonomy. Physician-assisted suicide enables terminally ill patients to die comfortably and peacefully in their own homes. Terminally ill patients suffer through constant pain in their final months, and there remainsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1265 Words   |  6 PagesParker March, 14, 2015 Assisted Suicide Introduction There are several ethical and legal issues that are raised by the majority concerning the legalization of physician assisted suicide and the role of nurses in the process. Assisted suicide is a legal act of assisting those who are suffering from a deadly illness in ending their lives by providing them the means to do it (Griffith, 2014). Netherland was the first country to legalize physician assisted suicide. In 1994, Oregon becameRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious discussing physician-assisted suicide is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it is unethical. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered, the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting death with dignity. Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for people who are unable to end their own lives. However, there should be safeg uards to prevent any sort of abuseRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1984 Words   |  8 PagesAnthony Zhang 4.29.15 Period 3B Living in Pain or Death with Dignity The legalization of physician assisted suicide (PAS) in Oregon in 1994 changed the face of the argument between those who believe in death with dignity and those who believe in letting nature take its course. It was a major victory for PAS advocates as the first state in America had legalized PAS in the country’s history. In 2008, the neighboring state of Washington followed suit with a similar law and legalized PAS by a 58-42Read MoreLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is2900 Words   |  12 PagesLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is illegal in all states except Oregon, Vermont, Montana and Washington. Present law in other states express that suicide is not a crime, but assisting in suicide is. Supporters of legislation legalizing assisted suicide claim that the moral right to life should encompass the right to voluntary death. Opponents of assisted suicide claim that society has a moral and civic duty to preserve the lives of innocentRead MoreLegalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide820 Words   |  4 Pages In February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada made a momentous decision that would legalize physician-assisted death within a year. Physician-assisted suicide (PAS), in simple words, means doctors prescribe a lethal dose of medication that patients take themselves. The question that whether the Criminal Code provisions should prohibit physician-assisted suicide has been discussed in public for several decades. Actually, decriminalizing PAS may cause some sorts of abuses, but not decriminalizingRead MoreThe Need for the Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide2485 Words   |  10 Pagesprevent death. Many people turn to a procedure known as Physician-Assisted suicide, a process by which a doctor aids in ending a terminally ill patient’s life. This procedure is painless and effective, allowing patients to control their death and alleviate unnecessary suffering. In spite of these benefits, Physician-Assisted suicide is illegal in many places both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that Physician-Assisted suicide is opposed by many Americans and much of the world on ethical

Economics for Business GDP

Question: Discuss about theEconomics for Business for GDP. Answer: Introduction The prime purpose of this study is to discuss the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) comparison between two countries. In order to elucidate the topic, the study has considered the countries Australia and China. Through elaborating two different economies of these countries, the study establishes a clear knowledge about the topic. In addition, the study discusses about the factors that affect the economy as well as GDP of these particular countries. However, the entire discussion is built by comparing and contrasting the Gross Domestic Product of Australia and China. Before entering the main discussion, it is essential to elaborate about the economies that present in those countries. It has been found that two different economies are present in Australia and China that includes Command Economy and Mixed Market Economy. As per the statement of Fleming and Measham (2015), mixed market economy is present in the country Australia. In order to more precise, in Australia, most of the economic pl anning and decision are taken by the private sectors. That means large number of households and several firms play a major role in the Australias economy and GDP growth. Government of that country is involved only in some crucial sectors. On the other way, command economy is present in the country China (Jun 2013). In order to elaborate it more, Jun (2013) stated that all the economic planning as well as decisions is made by the government of that country. The central power of that country is the one that takes the decisions of investment, production, supply of goods and services, and many more. The human resource is the major factor that plays a crucial role in the GDP growth of a country (Baker, Merkert and Kamruzzaman 2015). In context of Australian economy, the curve of unemployment rate has been growing upward till the year 2015 (Refer to Appendix 1). However, in present the country is experiencing a decreasing unemployment rate. On the other way, the unemployment rate of China is in a stable situation (Refer to Appendix 2). Small proportion of increase and decrease has been found in the change of unemployment rate. GDP Comparison Between Australia and China In this section, the labor force of these two countries can be manifested more in order to establish the difference between these two countries. In Australia, the lowest percentage of total work force is involved in the agriculture sector that is estimated as 3.6% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). This is followed by the ratios involved in secondary sector and territory sector respectively. In the secondary sectors of Australia, 21.1% is employed (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). The territory sector includes service sectors, tourism sectors and many more where 75% of workforce is engaged (Salahuddin and Alam 2015). In the prior section, it has been mentioned that Australia has a mixed economy where the private sectors play the lead role. (Mclean 2016) added in this context that it is the largest mixed economy in the world. The country has been experiencing growth fluctuation over the past 5 years. Through the following table and graph, the GDP growth of Australia has been demonstrated. Years 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 GDP Growth Rate 2.48% 2.62% 2.04% 3.55% 2.68% Table 1: GDP Growth Rate of Australia in past 5 years (Source: Satistica.com. 2016) Graph 1: GDP Growth Rate of Australia in past 5 years (Source: Satistica.com. 2016) The above table and graph illustrate that the GDP growth rate of Australia has been fluctuating over the past 5 years. In 2012, the country has experienced a large proportion of growth in GDP and in the following year 2013, it dropped down below than the rate of 2011. However, in the year of 2014, it was increased again but could not exceed the rate of 2011. In the last year 2015, the GDP growth rate has been declined again. Thus, it can be stated that Australia has been experiencing an unstable growth in their economy. However, the present financial record of Australia states that it contains 1.2% of the world economy (Ft.com. 2016). Focusing on the year 2015, it has been found that the growth rate was 0.6% as estimated in the last quarter (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). It is important to mention that the rate was lower comparing to the previous quarter. It was 1.1% in the previous quarter (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Along with that, the economy has experienced a declining capital expenditure and private investment. In the year 2015, the private investment was dropped by 1.9% and capital expenditure was reduced by 0.6% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). It has been found that the new engineering construction of the country has been affected and this is the reason that the private investment has been decreasing overtime. In comparison to this, the public investment, import and export of that country was increased by 6% for each (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Furthermore, as per the measurement of 2015, the consumption expenditure and government expenditure were hiked up by same percentage that is 0.7% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Besides, the expenditure on household commodities was increased by 0.8% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Meara et al. (2015) mentioned that Australia is the seventeenth largest economy as per the Purchasing Power Parity measurement and twelfth largest economy as per the Nominal GDP Measurement. The major strength of this economy lies on its import and export sector. In the world economy record, it is the nineteenth largest importer and exporter (Forbes.com. 2016). The ASE (Australian Security Exchange) and the South Pacific region is the largest stock exchange in the world economy (Ft.com. 2016). Here, it is important to mention that the Australian Security Exchange has acquired the fourteenth position of market capitalization (Ft.com. 2016). Some specific sectors are there that contribute major portion in the Australian GDP. It has been found that more than 1.3% of GDP was contributed by agriculture, fishing and forestry sector (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Recently, they have experienced a positive growth in the iron ore, coal, oil and gas industries. Moreover, the information and tel ecommunication sectors contributed more than 2.7% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Along with that, 2.8% and 2.2% growth was contributed by the real estate services and recreation services respectively (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Apart from these sectors, decreasing growth rate has been experienced in other sectors. One of the major reasons of declining growth rate is the decrease in manufacturing sector. The production of petroleum, coal, chemicals and metal products has been diminishing. Moreover, the tobacco, food, and beverage production have been decreasing and this leads the GDP growth rate downward (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). As discussed by Beeson (2016), the major factors that affect the GDP of Australia includes human resources, prices of commodities, and outside the resource sectors. It has been mentioned before that the human resources play a prime role the growth of the economy. Besides the resource sector, the country has experienced slow growth in other sectors. This is the reason that the unemployment rate has been increasing till the year 2015. However, presently the country restrains the rate, but it is expected that the unemployment rate might be increased further. The rate has been increasing with the rate 6.2% (Satistica.com. 2016). In this context, it is important to mention that the economy has experienced higher rate of unemployment that exceeded their expected rate. This clears the fact that the labor force of the country remains under-utilized. Considerable slacks exist in the labor market as the workforce contributes fewer hours than they expect. As a result, the wages are restraining and hence their disposable income is also declining. Due to this reason, the consumption growth was minimized which adversely affects the growth of the economy. Sharp rise in terms of trade has been experienced in this economy over the past 10 years (Rees, Smith and Hall 2015). In this context, it is important to mention that by the ratio of export to import prices, the terms of trade of the country is determined. The higher bulk commodity prices contribute positive growth in the economy. Apart from this, it has been mentioned that the major strength of the economy lies on the resource sector. Thus, the high price of coal and iron ore leads the growth curve upward. Due to the presence of strong demand, large amount of these commodities are exported to many of the Asian countries including China (Refer to Appendix 3). However, Richards et al. (2015) explained that some sectors are there besides the resources sector that contribute positive growth in the GDP. More specifically, the re sidential construction has been growing rapidly that provide positive impact on the economy. However, residential development contains negligible share in the economy and thus the contribution seems insufficient. After the resource sector, the service sector has been considered as the second strongest and well established sector where continuous growth is noticed. It is important that, in the service sectors, the education and tourism sectors have been improving in a rapid manner (Rees, Smith and Hall 2015). Unlike the Australian economy, even labor force distribution has been found in China (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Further the estimated percentages of labor force employed in the primary sector, territory sector, and secondary sector are 36.7%, 34.6%, and 28.7% respectively. However, the Chinese economy has experienced the slowest growth in the year 2015 (Xing and Pradhananga 2013). Popescu (2013) mentioned that it was the slowest in the last 25 years. In the below table and graph, the GDP growth of China has been illustrated, in context of past five years. Years 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 GDP Growth Rate 6.9% 7.3% 7.7% 7.7% 9.46% Table 2: GDP Growth Rate of China in past 5 years (Source: Satistica.com. 2016) Graph 2: GDP Growth Rate of China in past 5 years (Source: Satistica.com. 2016) From the above table and graph, it has been noticed that the growth rate has been decreasing over the years. The growth rate was much higher in the year 2011, in comparison to the year of 2015. However, it is important to mention that the growth rate is comparatively higher in China than that of Australia. Furthermore, the economists of the country expect that the growth would slow down in the later years also. As per their expected estimation the growth rate will be 6.49% and 6.2% in 2016 and 2017 respectively (Mikosch and Zhang 2014). Furthermore, the growth rate would be stable at 6% in the years after 2017. In the first quarter of 2016, the growth rate was hiked up by 6.7% which is lies little below the rate of the previous quarter (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). In the prior quarter, the rate was 6.8% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Unlike the Australian economy, the growth in the mining sector acquired the third position in China. The estimated percentage of the contribution of min ing sector is 3.1% (Forbes.com. 2016). In this economy, the manufacturing sector contributes the largest portion in the GDP growth. The outcome in manufacturing sector of this country was increased by 7.2% which positively affect the GDP (Forbes.com. 2016). After the manufacturing sector, the GDP growth strongly depends on the growth in the supply of water, gas and electricity. As per the financial record of the last year, this made 4.8% contribution in the Chinese economy (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). The growth in the retail sales was hiked up from 10.2% to 10.5% in the first quarter of 2016 (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Before achieving the growth, the economists had expected that the rate would be increased up to 10.4% which has been exceeded (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Apart from this, the increasing growth in investment has been experienced in this economy. In property investment, the estimated growth was 6.2% and in fixed asset investment, it was 10.7% (Tradingeconomics.com . 2016). In this context the positive contribution has been outlined that is not sufficient to lead the growth curve upward. Dreger and Zhang (2014) discussed that Chinese economy is the second largest economy as per the measurement of Nominal GDP. Furthermore, as per the measurement of purchasing power parity, it is the largest economy in the world. Among all the developing countries, the fastest economic growth and development has been noticed in China. Over 30 years, the country has experienced 10% average growth (Forbes.com. 2016). It has been mentioned before that the manufacturing sector contributes the major portion in GDP. Unlike Australian economy, China is one of the strongest manufacturing economy. Along with that, it is the second largest importer and largest exporter in the world economy (Ft.com. 2016). Mainly, the service products are imported from other nations to this country. Haltmaier (2013) explained that some factors are there that affect the GDP growth of China. These factors include human resources, commodity prices, and outside the manufacturing sector. It has been noticed that the unemployment rate of this country has been increasing in a large proportion till the period of 2000s (Refer to Appendix 4). Afterwards, it came in a stable position. The growth rate defines that the economy failed to fully utilize their human resources in the previous period. However, in present, the human resources are utilized well but still the economy is experiencing low economic growth. Most of the labor force is engaged in the manufacturing sector. In the urban areas, the wage rate was increased by 15% which positively affect the economy of China (Ft.com. 2016). Besides the manufacturing sector, major issues are present in other sectors of that country. Behind the economic slowdown, the major reason was the declining growth in mining sector. It has been found that t he issues regarding CO2 affect other production and thus it negatively affect the economy (Ft.com. 2016). Mainly this particular issue affects steel production, copper smelting and aluminum production (Ft.com. 2016). Grinin, Tsirel and Korotayev (2015) elaborated the fact how the commodity price of that country affects its GDP. Behind the economic slowdown, the sharp fall in the commodity prices is pointed out as the major reason, by the economists. Since the year 2014, the economy has been experiencing decreasing commodity prices which negatively affected the GDP growth rate (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). The country is the largest exporters and thus fall in commodity prices leads the growth curve downward. It has been found that in the early 2000s, the commodity price was higher and thus the economy was experiencing increasing growth during that period. It clears the fact that strong correlation is there in between the commodity prices and GDP growth rate of China. After 2011, the energy prices by 70%, metal prices by 50%, and agricultural commodity prices was reduced by 35%. This was the major change that led the growth rate to downwards (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). Moreover, large amount of t he commodities wheat, beef and sugar are exported to many of the countries. Fall in the prices of those commodities caused slow economic growth (Nie 2016). Besides, the economy exports 12% of their crude oil and 5% of natural gas (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). The price of natural gas was dropped down by 55% and the natural oil was reduced by 73% (Tradingeconomics.com. 2016). This price fluctuation is the prime cause of their mismanaged inventory which affect their export market. As a result, the GDP growth of this country is affect to a larger extent. In order to differentiate the growth of China and Australia, a strongest example can be shown through a context. Nie (2016) mentioned that the largest portion of iron ore China exports from Australia. Thus, the Australian economy becomes more stronger, and the large expenses lead the Chinese growth downward. Further, it has been found that the research and development expenditure in both the countries has been increasing with different proportions (Refer to Appendix 5). Conclusion The above discussion concludes that Australia has been experiencing positive economic growth, whereas China's economic growth has been slowing down. In Australia's increasing GDP growth, mining sector play the vital role. On contrast, China's manufacturing sector contributes positive growth in their GDP. Though, it has been found the growth is not sufficient to lead the GDP curve upward. In comparison with Chinese economy, Australia's manufacturing sector is not that much strong. Moreover, decreasing growth has been found in the manufacturing sector of Australia that negatively affect the economy. On the other way, the mining sector of China is not as strong as that of Australia. Large portion of iron ore is exported by Australia to China which benefitted the Australian economy and affected the Chinese economy as well. The study brings out many differences between the economy of Australia and China. The major differences can be highlighted in this portion that helps to conclude the e ntire discussion. As per the measurement of purchasing power parity, China is the largest economy, whereas Australia is in the seventeenth position in the world economy. In terms of export and import, Australia acquired the nineteenth position, whereas, China is in first and second position respectively. However, the major difference is the Australian economy is expected to increase further and Chinese economy is expected to slow down. Reference List Baker, D., Merkert, R. and Kamruzzaman, M., 2015. Regional aviation and economic growth: cointegration and causality analysis in Australia.Journal of Transport Geography,43, pp.140-150. Beeson, M., 2016.Competing Capitalisms: Australia, Japan and Economic Competition in the Asia Pacific. Springer. Dreger, C. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Does the economic integration of China affect growth and inflation in industrial countries?.Economic Modelling,38, pp.184-189. Fleming, D.A. and Measham, T.G., 2015. Local economic impacts of an unconventional energy boom: the coal seam gas industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,59(1), pp.78-94. Forbes.com., 2016. Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com [Accessed 10 Jun. 2016]. Ft.com., 2016. World business, finance, and political news from the Financial Times - FT.com. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com [Accessed 10 Jun. 2016]. Grinin, L., Tsirel, S. and Korotayev, A., 2015. Will the explosive growth of China continue?.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,95, pp.294-308. Haltmaier, J., 2013.Challenges for the future of Chinese economic growth. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Jun, M.Z., 2013.Export and Economic Growth: The Case of China(Doctoral dissertation, University of Macau). Mclean, I.W., 2016.Why Australia Prospered. Princeton University Pres. Meara, J.G., Leather, A.J., Hagander, L., Alkire, B.C., Alonso, N., Ameh, E.A., Bickler, S.W., Conteh, L., Dare, A.J., Davies, J. and Mrisier, E.D., 2015. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development.International journal of obstetric anesthesia. Mikosch, H. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Forecasting Chinese GDP Growth with Mixed Frequency Data: Which Indicators to Look at?. Nie, J., 2016. Gauging the strength of Chinese GDP growth.Macro Bulletin, pp.1-3. Popescu, G.H., 2013. Social Evolution of China's Economic Growth, The.Contemp. Readings L. Soc. Just.,5, p.88. Rees, D., Smith, P. and Hall, J., 2015.A Multi-sector Model of the Australian Economy. Reserve Bank of Australia, Economic Research Department. Richards, R.G., Davidson, A.T., Meynecke, J.O., Beattie, K., Hernaman, V., Lynam, T. and van Putten, I.E., 2015. Effects and mitigations of ocean acidification on wild and aquaculture scallop and prawn fisheries in Queensland, Australia.Fisheries Research,161, pp.42-56. Salahuddin, M. and Alam, K., 2015. Internet usage, Electricity consumption and economic growth in Australia: a time series evidence.Telematics and Informatics,32(4), pp.862-878. Satistica.com., 2016. Satistica - Home. [online] Satistica.com. Available at: https://www.satistica.com [Accessed 10 Jun. 2016]. Tradingeconomics.com., 2016. Australia GDP Growth Rate | 1959-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. [online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth [Accessed 10 Jun. 2016]. Xing, Y. and Pradhananga, M., 2013. How Important is Exports and FDI for China's Economic Growth?.Available at SSRN 2272987.

What Is WooCommerce WooCommerce 101, Explained for Beginners

Wondering what is WooCommerce? and whether its something you should use?Heres the quick answer, though well go more in-depth:WooCommerce helps you build an eCommerce store using WordPress.WordPress is like your websites operating system, and WordPress is also by far the most popular way to make a website.WooCommerce takes that basic WordPress operating system and turns it into a fully-functioning eCommerce store. 🚄 Shortcut: Want to make an eCommerce store with WooCommerce? Read this.More than that, WooCommerce is the most popular way to build an eCommerce store for successful sites. It powers 25% a plurality of the eCommerce stores in the top 1 million sites worldwide:Why is WooCommerce so popular?There are a bunch of reasons why WooCommerce is such a popular way to build an eCommerce store:💠¸ WooCommerce is free, and the underlying WordPress software is also free.👋 WooCommerce is open source. Anyone can go in and audit, modify, or extend the code.👠 WooCommerce is regular person friendly. You dont need to be an expert developer to launch a store.ðŸ”Å' WooCommerce is extensible. Using something called plugins, you can add all kinds of new functionality to your store without the need for any technical knowledge.📠± WooCommerce works on all devices. More and more people shop on smartphones, and WooCommerce is ready to serve those people.🎠¨Ã‚  WooCommerce looks how you want it to. Using something called themes, you can control exactly how your store looks without the need for any technical knowledge.🔒 WooCommerce is secure. Beyond being open source, WooCommerce comes from Automattic, a billion dollar company with the resources to secure your store.So what is WooCommerce? Its your way to build a secure, flexible eCommerce store using the most popular tool to make a website (thats WordPress!).What can you sell with WooCommerce?WooCommerce lets you sell pretty much anything.  Ã°Å¸â€™ °The most popular use i s to sell physical products, like t-shirts, jewelryanything. These are the types of stores youre familiar with think Amazon.But you can also use WooCommerce to sell digital products, or charge for appointments, reservations, services, etc.For example, if you had a vacation rental by the beach, you could use WooCommerce to let people reserve your house and pay the booking fee.Basically, if you want to sell something and accept payment for it, WooCommerce can help you do it.What are some examples of WooCommerce stores?To help answer the question of what is WooCommerce, lets take a look at some real examples of eCommerce stores that are powered by WooCommerce.Blue Star Coffee RoastersBlue Star Coffee Roasters uses WooCommerce to sell coffee and accessories direct to consumers.Jack Rudy Cocktail CoJack Rudy Cocktail Co sells cocktail mixers using WooCommerce.Deliciously Clean EatsHeres a different look at how you can use WooCommerce Deliciously Clean Eats uses it to create a restauran t ordering menu where shoppers can get meals delivered.What is WooCommerce and how do you use it? WooCommerce Author(s): AutomatticCurrent Version: 3.7.1Last Updated: October 9, 2019woocommerce.3.7.1.zip 92%Ratings 77,312,503Downloads WP 4.9+Requires In slightly more technical terms, WooCommerce is a plugin for WordPress. So if you want to create your own eCommerce store with WooCommerce, youll first need to install and set up WordPress.We have a full guide on how to make a website with WordPress and how to set up WooCommerce, but heres a quick run-down of the steps youll need to take†¦1. Purchase WordPress hosting and a domain nameWordPress hosting is what powers your store and makes it accessible to the world and your domain name is the permanent address of your store on the Internet (ours is themeisle.com).WordPress hosting can cost anywhere from $10 per month for a small store to $50+ per month for a large store, and a domain name will typically only run you about $ 10 per year.To get you started, weve collected some of the best WooCommerce hosting providers, all of which can help you purchase your domain name, as well.2. Install WordPressOnce you have hosting, youll need to install the basic WordPress software. Most hosts make it easy to install WordPress, and some will even install it for you.3. Install WooCommerceAt this point, youll have a working, albeit basic, WordPress site. Youve basically built a blank canvas for your website. Now, youre going to get out the paintbrushes and make it into exactly what you want.First on your list install the WooCommerce plugin and run through its setup wizard to configure its basics. Once youve done that, youll officially have a working eCommerce store.4. Extend WooCommerce with plugins and themesNow for the fun part making things your own.To customize your store, you can use two types of extensions:ðŸ”Å' Plugins these extend your store with new functionality (just like the WooCommerce plugin exte nds the core WordPress software with eCommerce functionality).🎠¨ Themes these let you control how your store looks to visitors. Think of them kind of like changing your stores clothing you can easily switch outfits until you find one you like.You can find lots of great free and paid WooCommerce themes.Go to topWhat is WooCommerce? A recapSo what is WooCommerce? At this point, you should be ready to answer this question:WooCommerce is a free tool that helps you build an eCommerce store. Whats more, its powered by the open source WordPress software, which is the most popular way to build a website in existence.Beyond offering you a secure, functional way to create a store, WooCommerce is also easy to extend, which lets you customize your store to meet your needs.To get started with WooCommerce, youll need to:Purchase hosting and a domain nameInstall WordPressInstall the WooCommerce pluginExtend your store with plugins and themesFor a deeper look, check out our guide on how to set up WooCommerce 👈. our WooCommerce vs Shopify comparison.Still confused by the question of what is WooCommerce? Ask away in the comments and well try to help out.Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

Free Essays on On His Blindness

Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa... Free Essays on On His Blindness Free Essays on On His Blindness Unlike Shakespeare's poem, but still refusing to acknowledge the sonnet's traditional form, the story of Milton's "On His Blindness" is autobiographical and describes a man who has suffered enormously through the loss of his sight and his talents. These are equal to the author and he refers to them as punishments. The whole of the poem consists of questions ("Doth God exact day labour light-denied?") revealing Milton's pain and although humility is sensed, there still remains the inevitable and haunting "Why me?". However, he is answered by Patience that it is not the one who has talents who earns God's love but the one who is able to "bear his mild yoke". The idea by itself resembles the theme of stoical endurance. The main message of Milton's sonnet is emphasised by the use of symbolism. The imagery consists of references to time, light/darkness, which resemble life and talents and the loss of them, time and God, all aiming at clarifying the picture of the author's suffering. First, there is "half my days", then come the "light", spent in this "dark world and wide". The uneasy and agoraphobic atmosphere is hastened by the appearing of God's figure: "He", "my Maker" and the pain sharpened by the mentioning of "gifts" once more. The sonnet, however, finishes with Patience - a symbol of faith, strength and maturity - pleading for the hero's stoical endurance. There is a similar development of attitude in "On His Blindness". The extreme resignation from the beginning of Milton's sonnet are eventually replaced by a more objective, less personal and wiser viewpoint. The statement "His state/ is kingly" proves the hero's obedience and the fact he has accepted to "bear his mild yoke", be patient and wait for God's sign. The English poet John Milton pondered these two distinct meanings of â€Å"talent† when, in 1651, he composed the well-known sonnet on his blindness, which begins, â€Å"When I consider how my light is spent [i.e., has fa...

Hovey and Beard Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hovey and Beard Company - Case Study Example The Hovey and Beard Company Case presents us with a job design of a painting process which demonstrates errors in the design of the job by engineers which resulted into inevitable problems at work (John, Robert and Michael, 2010). The fact that the hooks were designed to move in a continuous array in front of the painters without a method of regulating them indicates problems with job design. However it can be argued that the calculation of the time that each painter was given before the hook would fall out of reach shows that the engineers were aimed at ensuring that the job was designed well to meet the demands of the job. In this scenario, trainee painters are expected to make more errors especially with the timing of the hooks and thus decreasing their productivity. The reinforcement theory is used within the Hovey and Beard Company Case as illustrated by the training bonus that the trainee painters are given. The aim of this bonus is to enable the trainee to meet the gap in prod uctivity which would result from lack of skills and experience in the job. The job was designed in a way that the trainees were expected to be skills at the end of six months when the training bonus was withdrawn (John, Robert and Michael, 2010). The contribution of the reinforcement theory to job performance is to motivate employees to improve their performance in the job. In the Hovey and Beard Company Case, the training bonus was reduced gradually as a way of reinforcing the motivation of the painters to improve their performance so that by the end of the six months they were able to perform normally without mistakes and thus enable the efficiency of the job to be enhanced. The problems that were observed in the second month of the training in the Hovey and Beard Case can be attributed to poor reinforcement and thus less motivation by the supervisors. The job design would have been wrong leading to many of the hooks falling out of the range of the painter (John, Robert and Michae l, 2010). However, it can be argued that the engineers increased the rate at which the hooks moved because they expected the efficiency of the painters to have improved by the second month. The complaints of the painters that the hooks were too fast would also demonstrate that the supervisors expected unrealistic improvement of performance by the painters in the second month. Question 2 The performance diagnosis model is a tool that is used to define problems that result in the performance of tasks of a specific job. The diagnosis performance model aims at identifying the desired levels of employee performance in the execution of various processes of a job. Secondly, the model is important in the identification, specification and implementation of the most appropriate intervention of improving the employee performance so that the problems at the work place are solved with effectiveness (Stahl, 1997). In the Hovey and Beard Company case, some employees quit because of the high expect ations of performance which they would not cope with. The replacement of the employees with new ones caused even worse problems. This illustrates inappropriate application of the performance diagnostic model by the supervisors. The supervisors replaced the employees with new ones because they thought that it was the most appropriate intervention for the problem. Their failure in the application of the performance diagnostic tool is due to their inability to clearly identify the

Fianancial reporting and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fianancial reporting and analysis - Essay Example In 2011, the international accounting standard board revised the existing financial standards, and issued a new set of standard for purposes of reflecting the changes in global business practices, economies of the world, and markets. The new rules are, consolidated financial statement (IFRS 10), joint arrangements (IFRS 11), disclosure of interests other entities (IFRS 12), separate financial statements (IAS 27), and revised associates and joint ventures (IAS 28). The consolidated financial statement (IFRS 10) was created for purposes of outlining the presentations of a consolidated financial statement. This rule requires business organizations to consolidate the entities that are under their control, and this includes giving them the rights of variable returns, and the capability of affecting the returns acquired over an investee (ACCA, 2012). On this basis therefore, the rule was created to institute the values that will guide the preparation of consolidated financial statements wh en one business organization controls one or more business organizations (ACCA study text, 2011). This rule was created for purposes of defining the concept of control of a business entity, and as a basis of consolidation. It establishes the principles of identifying whether an investor has some level of control over an investee, and therefore consolidating the investee (ACCA, 2012). This standard has the following key requirements; 1. It requires business organizations that have an interest in other business organizations to conduct an assessment in order to determine whether control exists or not. 2. In order for a business organization to control another business organization, the following characteristics must be present, rights to the benefits of variable returns because of the involvement of the business entity with the investee, authority over the investee, the ability to influence the investee for purposes of benefiting the investor. 3. An investor must have substantive righ ts for purposes of giving him control of an investee and legitimacy to control some affairs of the organization. Joint arrangements on the other hand outline the accounting procedures that business organization that jointly control an entity ought to follow. There must be a contractual agreement that denotes the control of an entity by the business organizations in question. Media (2011) denotes that joint arrangements are of two types, namely joint operations, and ventures. In a joint venture, net assets and equity are accounted for, while in a joint operation, accountant’s factor in the obligation of liability, and right to access the assets by the business organization under collaboration (ACCA study text, 2011). On this basis therefore, the International Accounting Board established this standards for purposes of determining the nature of a joint arrangement business organizations engage in. This is to enable stakeholders gain the capability of analyzing the rights and ob ligations of these business entities under the joint arrangement. For a joint arrangement to exist, the following are the main requirements (Gray and Manson, 2012); 1. There must be prove of control of the organization by the business entity involved. 2. The concept of unanimous consent must be present, and this

Bill Gates and I Have the Same Property Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates and I Have the Same Property Essay The government does not have the freedom to interfere into the property of an owner and the owner’s right to exercise power on the property. This statement may be evaluated with the following example. An anti-trust action was passed against Microsoft Corporation by the Assistant Attorney General of the Justice Department who challenged that the company cannot make it mandatory on customers to install the internet browser of Microsoft while installing the Microsoft 95 operating system. The Government also upheld the notion that it is not necessary for consumers to use one product of a company simultaneously when another product is installed. The court ordered the separation of Microsoft 95 and Internet explorer. In continuation to this verdict, the Assistant Attorney General further demanded the unusual freedom to scrutinise all future products of Microsoft Corporation to check their marketing strategy. Microsoft retaliated that if additional facilities in the computer indicate unfair trade practice, the manufacture of computer itself would be like posing threat to the manufacturers of products like calculator, typewriter and the like. Though the Assistant Attorney General justified that the anti trust motion is aimed to stimulate innovation and competition there were several obstacles to substantiate its stand to stop Microsoft from gaining market control (Labaton, 1997). According to Bill Gates, the separation of the operating system and the browser would mean producing products with lesser value and reducing the demand for the operating system in the market despite enhancing the quality (Thibodeau, 2008). In the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke justifies that man can have a right on property based on the amount of work he has done to transform the resources provided by God. The amount of work done by a person enables him to partition the common resources provided by God and own a part of it by himself. Thus private ownership of property is related to the amount of work done by man. The spoilage proviso limits the amount of resources a man can reserve when the resource is wasted and the sufficiency proviso limits the amount of resources to be owned and the balance to be left with the nature for others. And when there are no more resources available, people are required to work on the available resources for sustenance. According to Locke, when individuals own resources or land, they take better care of it rather than when the land is not owned by anyone. When land is owned the productivity is estimated a ten times its actual value and it will pave way for the betterment of life. Here labor is given more importance than on resources. When a person works on a resource it is automatically transformed into the workers property. It is the duty of the government to protect the right of a person towards a property (Meinhardt, 2007). James Madison has defined the ownership and rights to use a property. He has stated that when a person has a right to property, it is equal to having a property in his own rights. Hence the government’s interference into the affairs of a property or business owned by an individual when the business is meant for public use is not fair. Therefore the government should make it clear that the property owned by a person or corporate may be put into full use according to the wish of the owner if the use of the property adds values and the deletion of certain facilities reduce the value of the property. When certain use of a property is taken away by legal and governmental restrictions, the owner cannot exercise his fundamental freedom to exercise his right on the property (Pilon, 1995). In conclusion, governments do not have the authority to interfere into the rights of a property owner if the owner is a multi billionaire or a common person. Reference Labaton, S. December 22, 1997. Bill Gates, Meet Your Adversary, the Antitrust Chief. Available: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9D04E7DF143EF931A15751C1A961958260sec=spon=pagewanted=1. Accessed on September 8, 2008 Meinhardt, E. F. May 22, 2007. Critical Analysis of John Locke’s theory on Property Rights. Available http://www. scribd. com/doc/93360/John-Locke-on-Property-Rights. Accessed on September 8, 2008. Pilon, R. February 10, 1995. Protecting Private Property Rights from Regulatory Takings. Breathe New Life Into the Takings Clause. Available: http://www. cato. org/testimony/ct-pi210. html. Accessed on September 8, 2008. Thibodeau, P. June 30, 2008. For Bill Gates, antitrust fight was a personal crucible. http://www. thestandard. com/news/2008/06/30/bill-gates-antitrust-fight-was-personal-crucible? page=0%2C1. Accessed on September 8, 2008.

john keats :: essays research papers

John’s mother took her husbands’ death very hard. She could no longer run the stable business that her husband ran for so many years. With these facts in place, Frances then looks to remarry to help run the business. Barely two months after her husbands’ death, she remarried a minor bank clerk named William Rawlings on June 27, 1804. William was a fortune hunter and the children did not like him at all. Mr. Rawlings did not care about anything but money during their marriage, which made the marriage an indefinite disaster. Upon the end of their ill-fated marriage John, along with his other siblings were sent to live with their grand parents, months later Frances moved in also. Frances also left Mr. Rawlings with the stables she inherited from her late husband Thomas, and from that day forward Frances health began to dwindle away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The times up until know have been very hard on the Keats family, especially hard on the children, they only get worse as time goes on. The children loved being around their grandparents and living with them, they cared very deeply about them. On March 8, 1805, John Keats grandfather died of natural causes. With his death not only did grief and sorrow fill the families heart; his death also brought on a financial burden, which will seem to consume John for the rest of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This issue of money all began when Mr. Jennings, being the gullible person he was, hired a land surveyor, not a lawyer to write his will. The sneaky land developer intentionally made John’s grandfathers’ will to be extremely vague and ill written. Mr. Jennings real wishes were obscured and open to interpretation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fight over shares in the estate began shortly after his death (and ended long after John Keats’ death).

Formal Report Exp 9

University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristic functional group of alcohols and phenols. On the other hand, carbonyl group refers to a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond. It is known as the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones instead. In this experiment, hydroxyl- or carbonyl- containing samples were given to the group for examination. The samples were analyzed through different tests namely the involvement of the solubility of alcohols in water, the Lucas Test, the Chromic Acid Test or also known as Jones Oxidation, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test, the Fehling’s Test, the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test, and the Iodoform Test. The solubility of alcohols in water test showed that the sample, benzyl alcohol was immiscible while ethanol was the most miscible from all the other compounds used. While in Lucas Test which was used to differentiated the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols had turned tert-butyl alcohol into a cloudy solution afterwards. In Chromic Acid Test which was a test for oxidizable compounds or any compounds that possess reducing property would yield to a blue green solution if it reacted positively. This was seen in all the sample used in this test except for acetone. Whereas Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Test was preformed to test for aldehydes and ketones which would result to a yellow orange precipitate if it was positively reacted. All the compounds subjected to this test namely n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and acetone gave a positive result. Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test were used to tests for aldehydes. In Fehling Test, both the n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a brick red precipitate but acetone gave a negative result which was only a blue solution. While the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test had shown that both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a positive result which was a silver mirror and then again acetone gave a negative result which was the absence of a silver mirror. Lastly Iodoform test was performed and was known as a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl groups. Both acetone and isopropyl alcohol resulted to a positive outcome in this test which was formation of yellow precipitate but n-butyraldehyde on the other hand yield to a negative result which was a yellow solution containing black precipitate. INTRODUCTION In organic chemistry, classification of test was tests that categorize a substance into one of several classes. They were used to detect functional groups and other structural features. Alcohol were derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) only. The hydroxyl group imparts particular properties to the radical to which it is attached. [1] Figure 1. Alcohol Alcohols are classified into three categories: primary (1 °), secondary (2 °) and tertiary (3 °). This classification is based on the number of carbon-containing groups (R for an alkyl or an aromatic group) attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. If the carbon bearing the OH has one R group, the molecule is a primary alcohol. If two R groups are attached, it is then a secondary alcohol. If three R groups are attached, then the alcohol is tertiary[1][4] Figure 2. Three alcohol groups There are other molecules that contain an -OH group. Even though water (H2O) contains OH, it is not considered as an alcohol because alcohols were defined as organic compounds that have little or no ionization of the ydrogen. Other organic compounds that contain -OH groups but are not alcohols are phenol (C6H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). These compounds are not alcohols because they are acidic. The term alcohol, then, is another representation of a type of electronic structure in the molecules of substances. [3] [4] Phenols are aromatic compounds in which a hydroxide group is directly bon ded to an aromatic ring system. They are very weak acids, and like alcohols, form ethers and esters. The main phenols are phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and picric acid. Phenol itself (C6H5OH), also known as carbolic acid, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid, isolable from coal tar, but made by acid hydrolysis of cumene hydroperoxide, or by fusion of sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Formerly used as an antiseptic, phenol has more latterly been used to make bakelite and other resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. [4] [15] The hydroxyl- containing compounds used in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Ethanol also known as ethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below –40 °C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators. Ethanol is miscible in all proportions with water and with most organic solvents. It is useful as a solvent for many substances and in making perfumes, paints, lacquer, and explosives. 15] Figure 3. Structure of Ethanol n-butyl alcohol also known as n-butanol, 1-Butanol or 1-butyl alcohol is a four carbon straight chain alcohol. It is a volatile, clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor, and is miscible with water. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. [7] Figure 4. Structure of n-butyl alcohol Sec-butyl alcohol, a four carbon secondary alcohol, is a volatile, clear liquid with a strong alcoholic odor with a water solubility of 12. 5%. This substance is most hazardous when peroxide levels are concentrated by distillation or evaporation. It is a highly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is miscible with many organic solvents, and incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is flammable strongly with a luminous flame. It is used as a direct solvent and as an intermediate in the manufacture of other organic chemicals. [8] Figure 5. Structure of Sec-butyl alcohol Tert-butyl alcohol is a clear, noncorrosive liquid. It is miscible with water as well as most common organic solvents. The sterically hindered tertiary butyl group imparts stability compared to primary and secondary alcohols. As a result, the solubility and oxidative stability characteristics provide many industrial applications as a reaction and process solvent and chemical intermediate. It is used as a non-reactive solvent for chemical reactions, a non-surfactant compatibilizer for many solvent blends, and a non-corrosive solvent. It is used in free radical polymerizations to dissolve monomers. TBA is a main raw material of tert-butyl functional group in organic synthesis. [9] Figure 6. Structure of Tert-butyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol also known as propan-2-ol, 2-propanol is a common name for a chemical compound with the molecular formula C3H8O. It is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons. Being a secondary alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It is also relatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. Thus it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for dissolving lipophilic contaminants such as oil. [10] Figure 7. Structure of Isopropyl alcohol Benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water (4  g/100  mL) and completely miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. It is also a precursor to a variety of esters, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. It is often added to intravenous medication solutions as a preservative due to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. [15] Figure 8. Structure of Benzyl alcohol Carbonyl group is a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen atom connected by a double bond. The group is a constituent of carboxylic acids, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones, and it is the characteristic functional group of aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acid and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, and quinones are also known collectively as carbonyl compounds. Aldehydes and ketones contain carbonyl groups attached to alkyl or aryl groups and a hydrogen atom or both. These groups have little effect on the electron distribution in the carbonyl group; thus, the properties of aldehydes and ketones are determined by the behavior of the carbonyl group. In carboxylic acids and their derivatives, the carbonyl group is attached to one of the halogen atoms or to groups containing atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. These atoms do affect the carbonyl group, forming a new functional group with distinctive properties. Figure 9. Carbonyl Group An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, called an aldehyde group, consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom with a single covalent bond and an oxygen atom with a double bond. Thus the chemical formula for an aldehyde functional group is -CH=O, and the general formula for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group is occasionally called the formyl or methanoyl group. The word aldehyde is a combination of parts of the words alcohol and dehydrogenated, because the first aldehyde was prepared by removing two hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from ethanol. Molecules that contain an aldehyde group can be converted to alcohols by the addition of two hydrogen atoms to the central carbon oxygen double bond (reduction). Organic acids are the result of the introduction of one oxygen atom to the carbonyl group (oxidation). Aldehydes are very easy to detect by smell. Some are very fragrant, and others have a smell resembling that of rotten fruit. [15] On the other hand, Ketone features a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. They differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is placed between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton. They are also distinct from other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids, esters and amides, which have a carbonyl group bonded to a hetero atom. Ketone compounds have important physiological properties. They are found in several sugars and in compounds for medicinal use, including natural and synthetic steroid hormones. [15] The difference between aldehydes and ketones is in the groups that are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. In the case of an aldehyde, there is always at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. An aldehyde has one R group attached. R stands for any other organic chain or group. In the case of ketones, there are no H atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. The ketone has two R groups attached. [2] [15] Figure 10. Structure of Aldehyde and Ketone Some of the carbonyl-containing compounds used in the experiment were benzaldehyde, n-butraldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and acetophenone. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) also known as benzenecarbonal is a colorless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odor. It boils at 180 °C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. It is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolyzed, e. . , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water; glucose and hydrogen cyanide (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also prepared by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavorings. [13] Figure 11. Structu re of Benzaldehyde Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) also known as ethanol is a colorless liquid aldehyde, sometimes simply called aldehyde. It is soluble in water and ethanol. Acetaldehyde is made commercially by the oxidation of ethylene with a palladium catalyst. It is used as a reducing agent (e. g. , for silvering mirrors), in the manufacture of synthetic resins and dyestuffs, and as a preservative. [11] Figure 12. Structure of Acetaldehyde n-butyraldehyde (CH3(CH2)2CHO) also known as butanal is an aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid that smells like sweaty feet. It is miscible with most organic solvents. n-butyraldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing plasticizers, alcohols, solvents and polymers. It is also used as an intermediate to make pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, antioxidants, rubber accelerators, textile auxiliaries, perfumery and flavors. [12] Figure 13. Structure of N-butyraldehyde Acetone ((CH3)2CO) also known as propanone is colorless, mobile, flammable liquid with a characteristic sweetish smell is the simplest example of the ketones. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of choice for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. [6] Figure 14. Structure of Acetone Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances. It can be obtained by a variety of methods. In industry, acetophenone is recovered as a by-product of the oxidation of ethylbenzene, which mainly gives ethylbenzene hydroperoxide for use in the production of propylene oxide. [5] Figure 15. Structure of Acetophenone The hydroxyl- and carbonyl- containing compounds were analyzed by utilization of different tests such as testing the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Test, Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation), 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test, Fehling’s Test, Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test, and Iodoform Test. Most organic compounds were not soluble in water with the exception of low molecular-weight amines and oxygen-containing compounds like alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Low molecular-weight compounds are generally limited to those with fewer than five carbon atoms. [14] Lucas Test often provides classification information for alcohols, as well as a probe for the existence of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily give rise to cationic character at the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group undergo this test readily; primary alcohols do not give a positive result. Since the Lucas Test depends on the appearance of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, it is normally applicable only to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This limits the test in general to monofunctional alcohols lower than hexyl and certain polyfunctional molecules. [4] Chromic Acid Test also called Jones Oxidation detects the presence of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least one hydrogen, and therefore oxidizable. It is detected by the appearance of Cr+3 ion. This test can be used to differentiate aldehydes and ketones. A positive result would show green or blue-green solution. [4] 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Test can be used to qualitatively detect the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Ketones and Aldehydes would form yellow to orange precipitate after undergoing in this test. [4] Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test are used to detect aldehydes. However, Fehling's solution can only be used to test for aliphatic aldehydes, whereas Tollens' reagent can be used to test for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. A positive result in Fehling’s Test would give a brick red precipitate while in Tollens' Silver Mirror, it is the formation of silver mirror. [4] Iodoform Test is a test for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl group. A positive result would yield to yellow crystals or precipitate. Its mechanism occurs through a series of enolate anions which are iodinated. [4] The objectives of the experiment were to distinguish whether a compound was a hydroxyl- or carbonyl-containing, to differentiate the three types of alcohols, to differentiate aldehydes from ketones and to explain the mechanisms involved in the differentiating tests. EXPERIMENTAL A. Compounds Tested * Ethanol * n-butyl alcohol * Sec-butyl alcohol * Tert-butyl alcohol * Benzyl alcohol * n- butyraldehyde * Benzaldehyde * Acetone * Acetophenone * Isopropyl alcohol * Acetaldehyde * Lucas reagent * Chromic acid reagent * 95% ethanol * Fehling’s A and B * Tollen’s reagent * 5% NaOCl solution * Iodoform test reagent * 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine B. Procedure 1. Testing the solubility of alcohols in water The samples involved in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. Five test tubes were labeled with each of the alcohol samples. With the aid of a Pasteur pipette, 10 drops from each of the samples were taken then placed into the appropriate test tube. To the tube containing ethanol, 1-ml of water was then added drop wise to the tube containing alcohol and the mixture was shaken thoroughly after each addition. If cloudiness resulted, 0. 25-ml of water at a time was added continuously with vigorous shaking until a homogeneous dispersion results. The total volume of water added was noted. If cloudiness resulted after the addition of 2. -ml of water, the alcohol is said to be immiscible in water but if there was no cloudiness then it is miscible to water. The results were noted down. The same procedure was performed on the test tubes containing n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. 2. Using the Lucas Test This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Lucas reagent was prepared by dissolving 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10-ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture was then allowed to cool. The Lucas Reagent was already prepared beforehand. 50-mg or 2-3 drops of the sample was added to 1-ml of the reagent in a test tube and the mixture was shaken vigorously for a few seconds. The mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature. The rate of formation of the cloudy suspension or the formation of two layers was observed. 3. Using the Chromic Acid Test / Jones Oxidation This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. 1 drop of liquid or a small amount of the solid sample was dissolved in 1-ml of acetone in a small vial or test tube. drops of 10% aqueous Potassium chromate solution and 5 drops of 6M sulphuric acid were added into the mixture. 4. Using the 2,4-DNP Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The reagent was prepared by slowly adding a solution of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15-ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, while stirring to a mixture of 20-ml of water and 70-ml of 95% ethanol. The solution was then stirred and filtered. This reagent was already prepared beforehand. A drop of a liquid sample was placed into a small sample. 5 drops of 95% ethanol was added and well shaken. Afterwards, 3 drops of 2,4-DNP was added and if no yellow or orange precipitate formed, the solution was allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes. 5. Using the Fehling’s Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Fehling’s reagent was prepared by mixing equal amounts of Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B. Fehling’s A was prepared by dissolving 7 g of hydrated copper (II) sulfate in 100-ml of water. Fehling’s B was prepared by mixing 35 g of Potassium sodium tartrate and 10 g of Sodium hydroxide in 100-ml water. Then, 1-ml of freshly prepared Fehling’s reagent was placed into each test tube. drops of the sample to be tested was added in to the tube. The tubes were then placed in a beaker of boiling water and changes within 10-15 minutes were observed. 6. Using the Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. The reagent was prepared by adding 2 drops o f 5% Sodium hydroxide solution to 2-ml of 5% Silver nitrate solution and mixing thoroughly. Next, only enough 2% ammonium hydroxide (concentrated ammonium hydroxide is 28%) was added drop by drop and with stirring to dissolve the precipitate. Adding excess ammonia will cause discrepancies on the result of the test. Then, four test tubes with 1-ml of freshly prepared Tollens’ reagent were prepared. Two drops each of the samples were then added. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. If no reaction has occurred, the test tube was placed in a beaker of warm water (35-50 oC) for 5 minutes. Observations were recorded. It was noted that if Tollens’ reagent is left unused for a period of time, it may form explosive silver. This was avoided by neutralizing unused reagent with a little nitric acid and discarded afterwards. . Using the Iodoform Test This test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. 2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small vial or test tube. 20 drops of fresh chlorine bleach (5% Sodium hypochlorite) was slowly added while shaking to each test tube and then, mixed. The formation of a yellow participate was noted. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Solubi lity of Alcohols in Water In the experiment, five compounds were tested to determine the presence of the –OH, hydroxyl group through solubility of the sample in water. The presence of an –OH group was indicated by the miscibility of the substance. This follows the general rule in solubility that â€Å"like dissolves like†. Meaning, a polar solute will dissolve in a polar solvent and a non polar solute will be insoluble in a polar solvent. [14] Going back to the experiment, it was observed that alcohol was soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the alcohol increased, the solubility of the alcohol sample decreased. It was also observed that branching of the compound increased its solubility in water. Branching will increase solubility since more branching will reduce the size of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with the solvent. [14] The results of the experiment show that the solubility of alcohols in water depends on the balance between the strength of the hydrogen bonds formed between water and the hydroxyl group, and the strength of the Van der Waals forces between the hydrocarbon chains of the alcohol. Alcohol| Condensed Structural Formula| Amount of Water (in ml) needed to produce a homogeneous dispersion| Solubility in Water| Ethanol| CH3CH2OH| 0. ml| Most Miscible| n-butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| 2. 0 ml| Miscible| Sec-butyl alcohol| | 1. 4 ml| Miscible| Tert-butyl alcohol| | 0. 5 ml| Miscible| Benzyl alcohol| | More than 2. 0 ml| Immiscible| Table 1. Solubility of alcohols in water The table above showed that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol were all miscible with water. Only benzyl alcohol had exhibited immisci bility with water. As stated, all alcohols were soluble in water except under C6. Hence, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water. Ethanol has two carbon atoms, while the other three all have four carbons since they are all derivatives of the alcohol, butanol. Benzyl alcohol was immiscible with water because it is an aromatic alcohol. Ethanol was the most miscible alcohol followed by tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol. Ethanol exhibited fastest solubility because it has only two carbon atoms as compared to the butanol derivatives having four carbon atoms. Tert-butyl alcohol was the most miscible among the butanol derivatives because it has the most branching substituents present. 2. Lucas Test The four types of alcohols namely n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were differentiated from each other by way of the Lucas Test. Lucas Test differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Reagents used include anhydrous ZnCl2 and HCl. Positive result was based on its turbidity or alkyl chloride formation and its rate of the reaction. Tertiary alcohols formed the second layer in less than a minute. Secondary alcohols required 5-10 minutes before formation of second layer while primary alcohols were usually unreactive. Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| -butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| Clear solution(+)| Sec-butyl alcohol| | Clear solution(+)| Tert-butyl alcohol| | Turbid (+++) /Cloudy solution and formation of two layers| IsopropylAlcohol| | ClearSolution(+)| Table 2. Lucas Test Based on Table 2, it was only tert-butyl alcohol which had immediately formed two layers or a cloudy solution; hence, it was known to be a t ertiary alcohol. Sec-butyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol when subjected to Lucas test resulted to a clear solution although theoretically, a secondary alcohol dissolves to give a clear solution then form chlorides which would yield to a cloudy solution within five minutes. -butyl alcohol was considered as a primary alcohol. It was unreactive but eventually would react after long period of time. Generally, the order of reactivity of the alcohols toward Lucas reagent was 3 °;2 °;1 ° because the reaction rate was much faster when the carbocation intermediate was more stabilized by a greater number of electron donating alkyl group bonded to the positive carbon atom. This means that the greater the alkyl groups present in a compound, the faster its reaction would be with the Lucas solution. [1] Figure 16. Reaction in Lucas Test 3. Chromic Acid Test (Jones Oxidation) This test was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. The chromic acid test classifies the three types of alcohols by oxidizing the alcohol. The test was also used to be able to distinguish aldehydes from ketones. Since primary and secondary alcohols were also oxidized by the chromic acid reagent, this test was not useful for distinguishing aldehydes unless a positive identification of a carbonyl group has been obtained from the 2,4-DNP test. Chromic acid has an orange-red color due to the presence of Cr+6 ions, upon oxidation of the aldehyde, the chromium was reduced to Cr+3, which had a green color. A positive result was indicated by a green precipitate due to chromous sulfate, Cr? (SO? )?. [1] From the results, it was noted that the formation of an opaque blue-green suspension within 2-3 seconds, accompanied by disappearance of the orange color of the reagent, indicates a primary or secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol oxidizes readily, first to an aldehyde, then to a carboxylic acid. These two oxidation steps made sense because the primary alcohol functional group has two C-H bonds that can be broken; secondary alcohols were oxidized to ketones, a secondary alcohol only has one C-H bond that can be broken, so it can only oxidize once, to a ketone; a tertiary alcohol has no C-H bond that can be broken, so it was not oxidized, no matter how strong the oxidizing agent was. During the oxidation, the orange-red color of the chromic acid changed to a blue-green solution. Figure 17. Oxidation of the three types of Alcohols The results also show that aldehydes gave the same result but reacted more slowly. With aliphatic aldehydes, the solution turned cloudy in about 5 seconds, and the opaque blue-green suspension formed within 30 seconds; aromatic aldehydes required 30-90 seconds or longer before a suspension formed. The generation of some other dark color, particularly with the liquid remaining orange, was considered a negative test. It was concluded that alcohols and aldehydes are oxidized by chromic acid but ketones were not because they don’t have a hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl group that can be used for oxidation. Figure 18. Oxidation of Aldehyde Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| -butyl alcohol| CH3CH2CH2CH2OH| Blue green solution(+)| Sec-butyl alcohol| | Blue green solution(+)| Tert-butyl alcohol| | Blue green solution (+)| n-butyraldehyde| | Blue greenSolution (+)| Benzaldehyde| | Blue green solution(+)| Acetone| | Green solution(-)| Table 3. Reactions to the Chromic Acid Test It was observed that all the compounds tested gave a visible posit ive result, a blue green solution, except for acetone which had yielded to a green solution. 4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone Test This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test determined the presence of a carbonyl group in the sample compound. The test used an organic reactant, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, to distinguish the carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, from the non-carbonyl compounds, alcohols. The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent was a translucent yellow solution. When this reagent was subjected in the presence of a carbonyl compound, a yellow colored precipitate would form while in the presence of an alcohol, the solution would remain translucent yellow with no precipitate formed. The reaction of 2,4-DNP with an aldehyde or ketone was a condensation reaction. Under less acidic conditions, in this type of reaction, a nucleophile donates a pair of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a single bond to it. [2] At the same time the double bond between the carbonyl carbon and oxygen becomes a single bond as one bonding pair of electrons in the double bond moves to become an unshared pair on the oxygen. The oxygen now has one bond to it and it holds three pairs of unshared electrons, so it has a negative charge. Consequently, the oxygen picks up a proton from somewhere and becomes an -OH group. The proton from the acid attaches itself to one of the unshared pairs of electrons on the oxygen. The carbonyl group now has a +1 charge and is very inviting to even a weak nucleophile. So, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon forming a bond and the doubly bonded oxygen of the carbonyl becomes an -OH, as before. [1] Figure 19. Nucleophilic addition of 2,4-DNP to Acetone. As seen just below, this product is not usually the one that was isolated. Rather this product undergoes an elimination reaction in which the -OH was removed from the carbon to which it is attached and the hydrogen was removed from the nitrogen immediately to the right, resulting in a double bond between the nitrogen and carbon and a molecule of water. The final product was known as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. That is why this reaction was also considered as an elimination reaction. Figure 20. Elimination reaction of DNP Figure 21. Reaction of 2,4-DNP with a Carbonyl group Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Yellow- orange precipitate(+)| Benzaldehyde| | Yellow –orange precipitate(+)| Acetone| | Yellow –orange precipitate(+)| Table 4. Reactions to the 2,4- DNP Test As shown on table 4, it was observed that there was a formation of a yellow – orange precipitate in all the compounds used. This would then indicate a presence of either an aldehyde or a ketone. 5. Fehling’s Test Fehling's test differentiated aldehydes and ketones. It was based upon the ability of the aldehyde group to reduce the Cu+2 ion of Cu(OH)? , a blue color, to the Cu ion of Cu? O, a dark red color, in the presence of a base. Fehling's solution contains copper (II) ions complex with tartrate ions in sodium hydroxide solution. Complexion of the copper (II) ions with tartrate ions prevents precipitation of copper (II) hydroxide. Aldehydes reduce the complex copper (II) ion to copper (I) oxide, changing the color of the solution to brick red or dark green. Because the solution is alkaline, the aldehyde itself is oxidized to a salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. [2] In short it involved a redox reaction wherein aldehyde was oxidized to carboxylic acid and ketones did not undergo oxidation. Copper was reduced from Cu2+ to Cu+. Figure 22. Oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid through Fehling’s test It was a test for aldehydes. Reagents include CuSO4, NaOH. A positive result is the formation of brick red precipitate (Cu2O/cuprous oxide). This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Brick red precipitate (+)| Benzaldehyde| | Brick red precipitate(+)| Acetone| | Clear blue solution(-)| Table 5. Reactions to the Fehling’s Test As shown in Table 5, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde exhibited positive result while acetone exhibited an absence of brick red precipitate. It can be concluded that n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were both aldehyde. 6. Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test Tollens’ silver mirror test was a test for aldehydes. Tollen’s reagent was an ammoniacal solution of silver ion prepared by dissolving silver oxide in ammonia. The preparation of the reagent is based on the formation of a silver diamine complex that is water soluble in basic solution. In this reaction, the aldehyde was oxidized to a carboxylic acid while the Ag+1was reduced to silver metal, which deposited as a thin film on the inner surface of the glass. The generic reaction was as follows and was specific for aldehydes. [16] Figure 23. Oxidation of aldehyde with Tollen’s reagent Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| n-butyraldehyde| | Silver Mirror(+)| Benzaldehyde| | Silver Mirror(+)| Acetone| | Clear grayish-black solution (-)| Table 6. Reactions to Tollen’s Silver Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. Based on the results seen in table 6, it was concluded that the aldehyde samples produced a silver mirror on the inner surface of the test tube since aldehydes were easily oxidized. The ketones sample, acetone, on the other hand, didn’t form this mirror image because of its inability to oxidize due to the lack of a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group that could be used for oxidation. 7. Iodoform Test Iodoform test was a test for methyl carbinol, secondary alcohol with adjacent methyl group, and methyl carbonyl. Methyl ketones, but not other ketones, were oxidized by iodine in aqueous sodium hydroxide. The ketone was oxidized to a carboxylic acid which yellow iodoform/ precipitate would be formed. It was the yellow precipitate formed would be the basis of a positive result. Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, would yield to a positive result in this test owing to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It was also true that ethanol would be oxidized to acetaldehyde and secondary alcohols that could be oxidized to methyl ketones given this test. [2] Figure 24. Oxidation of a methyl ketone Substance| Condensed Structural Formula| Reaction| N-butraldehyde| | Yellow solution with black precipitate (-)| Acetone| | Yellow precipitate| Isopropyl alcohol| | Yellow precipitate| Table 7. Reaction to the Iodoform Test This test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. Based on table 7, the results indicate that the methyl ketones of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were oxidized by iodine to carboxylic acids because the compounds formed a yellow precipitate while n-bytraldehyde didn’t. It was then concluded that compounds with a methyl group next to the carbonyl group would give a positive result in the iodoform test, ethanol and secondary alcohols with the methyl group attached to the same carbon as the OH- group would also give a positive result. During the experiment, the compounds acetaldehyde and acetophenone were not available. This was the reason why results of these compounds in different tests were not observed but based from different informations which were gathered from different sources. Acetophenone would give a positive result in the following test namely 2,4 DNP test and Iodoform test. While acetaldehyde would give a positive result in the following test namely Chromic Acid test, 2,4 DNP test, Fehling’s test and as well as Tollens’ Silver Mirror test. REFERENCES: From books: [1]Lehman, John W(2009). Operational Organic Chemistry: A Problem-Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice. [2]Martin, Stephen F(2011). Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiments: Miniscale and Microscale. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. [3]McMurry, John(2010). Foundations of Organic Chemistry, Philippine Edition. Cengage Learning. [4]Shriner, Ralph Lloyd (1980). Systematic Identification of Organic Compound: A Laboratory Manual (6th Ed. ). John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. New York: Van Hoffmann Press. From Websites: [5]Acetophenone. www. chemicalland21. om/industrialchem/solalc/ACETOPHENONE. htm 09/09/11 [6]Acetone. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/ACETONE. htm 09/09/11 [7]n-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/NBUTYLALCOHOL. htm 09/09/11 [8]Sec-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/2-BUTANOL. htm 09/09/11 [9]Tert-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/TERTBUTYL%20ALCOHOL 09/10/11 [10] Isopropyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/petrochemical/ISOPROPANOL. htm 09/10/11 [11]Acetaldehyde. www. ntp. niehs. nih. gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s001acet. df09/10/11 [12]n-butyraldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/organic/N-BUTYRALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 [13]Benzaldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/specialtychem/perchem/BENZALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 [14]Solubility of Things. www. solubilityofthings. com/water/alcohols 09/09/11 [15]Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones. www. ipfw. edu/chem/112/kimble/3-Alcohol%20Aldehyde%20Ketones. pdf 09/10/11 From scientific journals: [16]Ennis, J. L. and E. S. Shanley. â€Å"Silver Nitrides. † Journal of Chemical Education (1991): 68, A6. â€Å"Silver Nitrides. † Journal of Chemical Education (1991): 68, A6.